Minerals have many physiological functions and are essential in the maintenance of osmotic pressure and the regulation of pH, hemolymph and urine. They are also important components of exoskeleton, soft tissues, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, pigments, and essential for muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses (Piedad-Pascual 1989).
The ionic composition generally has a greater impact on shrimp health than salinity (Davis et al. 2004). Whereas sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are important for osmoregulation function, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are very important for moulting and new shell formation (Samocha et al. 2017).
The culture of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in low salinity inland waters faces several challenges. The ionic composition of these waters is generally deficient in several key minerals, including potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The Mg:Ca concentration needs to be maintained at a 3:1 ratio for better survival, growth rate and production (Aruna 2017).
In general, levels of minerals in pond water of low salinity must be comparable to the ionic levels and ratios found in seawater. The addition of important minerals can be depleted by adsorption of the pond bottom, leaching, drainage of the pond water, or dilution by heavy rainfall. It is therefore important to frequently perform ionic profile analysis before stocking the ponds and throughout the culture period. The ionic composition and ratios of low salinity rearing water should...
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